It has a better safety profile than IV sedatives and is rapidly reversible by simple discontinuation of the medication. It sees use in the EMS setting for general pain control in patients with severe injuries. Nitrous oxide is most commonly used in the surgical setting as a component of general anesthesia. It also has a secondary pain limiting action similar to morphine but with minimal respiratory depression at the doses used in the EMS setting. Nitrous oxide is a general CNS depressant that limits the ability of neurons to create action potentials, leading to overall sedation. Hypoglycemia: 1mg via IV, IM, or SubQ bolus followed by IV access and 50% dextrose administrationīeta-blocker or calcium channel blocker toxicity: 3 to 10mg IV bolus over 3 to 5 minutes followed by 3 to 5mg/hr infusionĭrug Profile: Nitrous Oxide (NO) "Nitrous" CLASS: This may become important if a patient with a decreased level of consciousness is given glucagon as they may be unable to protect their airway from vomiting leading to aspiration.Īllergic reaction and anaphylaxis is a rare but dangerous potential side effect of all drugs, glucagon included. The major side effect of glucagon is nausea and vomiting, this occurs due to glucagons smooth muscle relaxing effects which change the way the intestines pass food. If a contraindication exists establish IV access and give 50% dextrose as rapidly as possible. If indicated it should be rapidly given due to the severe consequences of untreated hypoglycemia. Hypersensitivity (severe reaction or anaphylaxis) to a previous dose of glucagon or to lactose are the only contraindications to glucagon. accidental ingestion by pediatric patients and accidental overdose in elderly patients leading to bradycardia, hypotension, and symptoms of shock are the indications for glucagon use. Many patients with chronic hypoglycemia or diabetes (who are taking hypoglycemic medications) are given IM glucagon kits to self-treat severe hypoglycemia.Īm overdose of beta blockers or calcium channel blockers are the other indication for glucagon administration. Glucagon delivered intra-muscularly is the preferred treatment for hypoglycemia due to its rapid administration and rapid onset. Hypoglycemia is the most common indication for glucagon use. Glucagon works by stimulating receptors on a variety of cells that promote conversion of carbohydrates in the body into glucose, relaxes smooth muscle, and increases the heart rate without requiring stimulation of the alpha and beta receptors that are normally responsible for increasing the heart rate. This section will focus on Glucagon, anti-nausea medications, and IV formulations of several EMT level medications. Naturally, the medications AEMT's can administer includes all those that are given by EMT's, for information on those medications (albuterol, aspirin, epinephrine, oral glucose, naloxone, and nitroglycerin) see the EMT medications unit. The most obvious way to decrease heat loss by conduction is to remove your hand from the cold object.The AEMT has an expanded scope of practice compared to the EMT, this scope includes the administration of several medications that are not routinely given by EMT's in most jurisdictions. Conduction is the direct transfer of heat from a part of the body to a colder object by direct contact, as when a warm hand touches cold metal or ice. Layers of clothing trap air and provide excellent insulation thus, layered clothing decreases heat loss better than a single, thick jacket. Shivering increases the body's metabolism and is a mechanism for generating heat, not reducing heat loss. The quickest and most obvious way to decrease heat loss from radiation and convection is to move out of the cold environment and seek shelter from wind. A person standing in windy cold weather, wearing lightweight clothing, is losing heat to the environment mostly by convection. Convection occurs when heat is transferred to circulating air, as when cool air moves across the body's surface. The body can lose heat by radiation, such as when a person stands in a cold room. Radiation is the transfer of heat by radiant energy. You selected D This is correct! Reason:In a cold environment, the body has two ways of staying warm: generating heat (thermogenesis) and reducing heat loss.
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